{
  "edition": "2026-11-07",
  "id": "e4",
  "locale": "zh-Hans",
  "url": "https://senroam.com/zh-Hans/trains/e4/",
  "name": "E4 · Tōhoku · Jōetsu",
  "summary": "E4 · Tōhoku · Jōetsu · Two decks meet a much longer, lower nose than E1.",
  "type": "train",
  "questions": [],
  "sources": [
    {
      "url": "https://www.railway-museum.jp/event/pdf/tp_worksheet3.pdf",
      "checked": "2026-11-07",
      "lang": "ja"
    }
  ],
  "detail": "Two decks meet a much longer, lower nose than E1.",
  "technical": {
    "record": {
      "scope": [
        "E4 · one eight-car set · 1999/2013 specifications",
        "E4系 · 8両1編成 · 1999・2013年資料"
      ],
      "rows": [
        [
          "formation",
          "8 · 4M4T",
          "8 · 4M4T",
          "jr2013"
        ],
        [
          "length",
          "201 m",
          "201 m",
          "jr2013"
        ],
        [
          "width",
          "3,380 mm",
          "3,380 mm",
          "jr2013"
        ],
        [
          "motor",
          "420 kW · continuous",
          "420 kW · 連続定格",
          "jr2013"
        ],
        [
          "supply",
          "AC 25 kV · 50 Hz",
          "交流25 kV · 50 Hz",
          "jr2013"
        ],
        [
          "protection",
          "DS-ATC",
          "DS-ATC",
          "jr2013"
        ],
        [
          "control",
          "IGBT · three-level PWM",
          "IGBT · 3レベルPWM",
          "e4hitachi"
        ]
      ],
      "note": [
        "Two eight-car sets could form a sixteen-car train. The electrical equipment uses IGBT switching; the aluminium body helped reduce the mass of an all-double-deck train.",
        "8両編成を2本併結すると16両となる。主回路にIGBTを採用し、全車2階建ての車体はアルミ化で軽量化を図った。"
      ]
    },
    "sources": {
      "jr2013": {
        "title": "JR-East Shinkansen",
        "publisher": "JR East · Yagishita",
        "url": "https://www.schienenfahrzeugtagung.at/download/PDF2013/02_Yagishita.pdf",
        "language": "en",
        "date": "2013",
        "locator": "Slide “Features of rolling stock”, comparison table",
        "supports": "E2-1000, six-car E3, E4, E5, E6 formation, train length, body width, per-motor continuous output, electrical supply and signalling as presented in 2013.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      },
      "hitachi97": {
        "title": "新型高速新幹線電車",
        "publisher": "日立製作所 · 日立評論",
        "url": "https://www.hitachihyoron.com/jp/pdf/1997/02/1997_02_02.pdf",
        "language": "ja",
        "date": "1997-02",
        "locator": "Table 1, printed pp.154–155",
        "supports": "Historical E1 supply/formation; original E2 50/60 Hz capability. Early E3 five-car data is excluded from the later six-car profile.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      },
      "e1launch": {
        "title": "全車2階建て新幹線電車",
        "publisher": "日本機械学会 · JR東日本提供",
        "url": "https://www.jsme.or.jp/tldnew/uploads/sites/26/2022/01/NL07.pdf",
        "language": "ja",
        "date": "1994-03",
        "locator": "Article “全車2階建て新幹線電車”",
        "supports": "Original E1 240km/h, VVVF control and regenerative/electrically commanded air braking.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      },
      "e4hitachi": {
        "title": "社会・産業・家庭 · E4系2階建新幹線電車",
        "publisher": "日立製作所 · 日立評論",
        "url": "https://www.hitachihyoron.com/jp/pdf/1999/01/1999_01_06.pdf",
        "language": "ja",
        "date": "1999-01",
        "locator": "交通システム · E4系2階建新幹線電車",
        "supports": "E4 aluminium body, eight cars, IGBT three-level PWM main converter and 1997-12 delivery.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      },
      "e5motor": {
        "title": "JR East – Series E5",
        "publisher": "Hitachi Industrial Products",
        "url": "https://www.hitachi-ip.com/products/traction_motors/casestudy/series_e5.html",
        "language": "en",
        "date": null,
        "locator": "Traction motor specifications",
        "supports": "Hitachi-supplied E5 induction motor, rated 300kW, copper rotor, forced ventilation, 431kg and 696 × 512mm. The dimensions and mass refer to one motor.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      },
      "drive2012": {
        "title": "さまざまなニーズに応える鉄道車両駆動用主回路技術",
        "publisher": "日立製作所 · 日立評論",
        "url": "https://www.hitachihyoron.com/jp/pdf/2012/06/2012_06_04.pdf",
        "language": "ja",
        "date": "2012-06",
        "locator": "§3.1 and Figure 3",
        "supports": "Hitachi E5/E6 main-converter design commonality; IGBT three-level converter/inverter architecture. Applies to Hitachi equipment.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      },
      "e7jtrec": {
        "title": "JR東日本 E7系新幹線電車",
        "publisher": "総合車両製作所",
        "url": "https://www.j-trec.co.jp/company/070/03/jtr03_26-31.pdf",
        "language": "ja",
        "date": "2014-12",
        "locator": "Printed pp.26–31; §2.1.1 and Table 1",
        "supports": "E7 original 12-car 10M2T formation, aluminium double skin, 9.1m nose, 300kW forced-air squirrel-cage motors, 25kV supply, three-level PWM, regenerative/electrically commanded air brakes, DT211/TR7010/TR7010A bogies and DS-ATC/RS-ATC.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07",
        "availability": [
          "Original PDF link returned 404 on 7 November 2026. The bibliographic reference is retained; use the separately cited Kawasaki paper below for newly verified design context.",
          "2026年11月7日の確認では元のPDFリンクが404を返した。書誌情報は保持し、新たに確認した設計上の解説には下段で別途引用する川崎重工の資料を用いる。"
        ]
      },
      "h5launch": {
        "title": "北海道新幹線用車両（H5系）の概要",
        "publisher": "JR北海道",
        "url": "https://www.jrhokkaido.co.jp/press/2014/140416-1.pdf",
        "language": "ja",
        "date": "2014-04-16",
        "locator": "別紙 · 仕様表",
        "supports": "Original H5 ten-car formation, maximum tilt 1.5 degrees, full active suspension, seating pitch. Original capacity is historical.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      },
      "h5guide": {
        "title": "はやぶさ・はやて H5系",
        "publisher": "JR北海道",
        "url": "https://www.jrhokkaido.co.jp/train/shinkansen.html",
        "language": "ja",
        "date": null,
        "locator": "車両概要",
        "supports": "H5 based on E5; ten cars and 320km/h capability. Hokkaido line speeds are qualified separately by operator.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      },
      "west2025": {
        "title": "データで見るJR西日本2025 · 車両",
        "publisher": "JR西日本",
        "url": "https://www.westjr.co.jp/company/info/issue/data/pdf/data2025_15.pdf",
        "language": "ja",
        "date": "2025",
        "locator": "W7系（W編成） vehicle entry",
        "supports": "W7 representative twelve-car formation, 542.1t train mass and 260km/h service speed. Parsed class seat totals are inconsistent and excluded.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      },
      "e8reveal": {
        "title": "JR東日本「E8系」山形新幹線の新型車両公開",
        "publisher": "マイナビニュース",
        "url": "https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20230224-e8/",
        "language": "ja",
        "date": "2023-02-24",
        "locator": "G1 formation and pantograph description",
        "supports": "G1 7-car 5M2T; aluminium body, pantographs on cars 12 and 16; Kawasaki/Hitachi manufacturers.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      },
      "e2guide": {
        "title": "E2系 · JR東日本の列車たち",
        "publisher": "JR東日本",
        "url": "https://www.jreast.co.jp/train/shinkan/e2.html",
        "language": "ja",
        "date": null,
        "locator": "基本情報・車両編成",
        "supports": "Operator series context, operating capability, design features and formation.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      },
      "e3guide": {
        "title": "E3系 · JR東日本の列車たち",
        "publisher": "JR東日本",
        "url": "https://www.jreast.co.jp/train/shinkan/e3.html",
        "language": "ja",
        "date": null,
        "locator": "基本情報・車両編成",
        "supports": "Operator series context, operating capability, design features and formation.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      },
      "e5guide": {
        "title": "E5系 · JR東日本の列車たち",
        "publisher": "JR東日本",
        "url": "https://www.jreast.co.jp/train/shinkan/e5.html",
        "language": "ja",
        "date": null,
        "locator": "基本情報・車両編成",
        "supports": "Operator series context, operating capability, design features and formation.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      },
      "e6guide": {
        "title": "E6系 · JR東日本の列車たち",
        "publisher": "JR東日本",
        "url": "https://www.jreast.co.jp/train/shinkan/e6.html",
        "language": "ja",
        "date": null,
        "locator": "基本情報・車両編成",
        "supports": "Operator series context, operating capability, design features and formation.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      },
      "e7guide": {
        "title": "E7系 · JR東日本の列車たち",
        "publisher": "JR東日本",
        "url": "https://www.jreast.co.jp/train/shinkan/e7.html",
        "language": "ja",
        "date": null,
        "locator": "基本情報・車両編成",
        "supports": "Operator series context, operating capability, design features and formation.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      },
      "e8guide": {
        "title": "E8系 · JR東日本の列車たち",
        "publisher": "JR東日本",
        "url": "https://www.jreast.co.jp/train/shinkan/e8.html",
        "language": "ja",
        "date": null,
        "locator": "基本情報・車両編成",
        "supports": "Operator series context, operating capability, design features and formation.",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      }
    }
  },
  "engineering": {
    "record": {
      "scope": {
        "en": "E4 development features · Hitachi 1999 introduction",
        "ja": "E4系の開発上の特徴 · 日立1999年紹介"
      },
      "facts": [
        {
          "label": {
            "en": "Roof air-conditioning",
            "ja": "屋根上の空調"
          },
          "value": {
            "en": "Revised air intake and discharge arrangement",
            "ja": "給排気方法を改良"
          },
          "sources": [
            "east:east-e4-1999"
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": {
            "en": "Acoustic design",
            "ja": "騒音対策"
          },
          "value": {
            "en": "Reduced transformer and traction-motor noise",
            "ja": "主変圧器と主電動機の騒音を低減"
          },
          "sources": [
            "east:east-e4-1999"
          ]
        },
        {
          "label": {
            "en": "Structure",
            "ja": "構体"
          },
          "value": {
            "en": "Aluminium construction for a lighter double-deck train",
            "ja": "2階建て車体の軽量化にアルミ構体を採用"
          },
          "sources": [
            "east:east-e4-1999"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "insights": [
        {
          "title": {
            "en": "A double-decker’s aerodynamic problem",
            "ja": "2階建て車両の空力対策"
          },
          "text": {
            "en": "The development account links the revised nose and roof ventilation to exterior noise and tunnel pressure-wave control. The large body required attention to airflow beyond the cab alone.",
            "ja": "開発紹介では、先頭形状と屋根上の給排気方法を改め、車外騒音やトンネル微気圧波を抑えたとしている。大型車体では運転台以外の空気の流れも重要になる。"
          },
          "sources": [
            "east:east-e4-1999"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "gaps": [
        "Original publisher PDF exceeds browser retrieval limit; only the indexed article excerpt was read. Exact printed-page locator and motor model await direct PDF inspection."
      ]
    },
    "sources": {
      "east:east-e4-1999": {
        "title": "東日本旅客鉄道株式会社納めE4系2階建新幹線電車",
        "publisher": "日立評論",
        "url": "https://www.hitachihyoron.com/jp/pdf/1999/01/1999_01_06.pdf",
        "date": "1999-01",
        "language": "ja",
        "locator": "交通システム / E4系2階建新幹線電車; indexed original excerpt (full PDF exceeds retrieval limit)",
        "checked": "2026-11-07"
      }
    },
    "checked": "2026-11-07"
  },
  "literature": [
    {
      "source": {
        "title": "Shinkansen: From Bullet Train to Symbol of Modern Japan",
        "author": "Christopher P. Hood",
        "publisher": "Routledge",
        "date": "2006",
        "language": "en",
        "url": "https://www.routledge.com/Shinkansen-From-Bullet-Train-to-Symbol-of-Modern-Japan-1st-Edition/Hood/p/book/9780415444095"
      },
      "locator": "ch. 5, “The shinkansen and regional economies”; fig. 5.8",
      "question": {
        "en": "Why build a double-deck Shinkansen?",
        "ja": "なぜ新幹線を2階建てにした？"
      },
      "answer": {
        "en": "Hood connects the E4’s capacity with growing commuter use around Tokyo. Two decks and the ability to couple trains addressed concentrated demand. His historical photographs also show why a lower-deck window could face a sound barrier rather than an open landscape.",
        "ja": "HoodはE4系の輸送力を首都圏の通勤利用拡大と結び付けて説明する。2階建てと編成の併結が、混み合う時間帯の需要に対応した。掲載写真には下階の窓が防音壁に隠れる場面もあり、階による眺めの違いが分かる。"
      }
    }
  ]
}